Wrappers and Adapters

	A wrapper class stores an entity and adds operations that the original type did not support correctly. Java has wrapper types for the 8 primitive types (e.g., Integer for int)
	An adapter class is used when the interface of an existing class needs to be changed to a more appropriate one (e.g., InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter that convert byte-oriented streams to character-oriented streams).

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Packages

	Group of related classes.
	Specified by package statement.
	Fewer restrictions on access among each other;
		if class is called public, then it is visible to all classes
		if no visibility modifier is specified, its visibility is termed as “package visibility” and is somewhere between:
			private (other classes in package cannot access it) and
			public (other classes outside package can also access it)
	Package locations can be specified by the CLASSPATH environmental variables.
	The import statement helps to get multiple packages. It saves typing.

Exceptions

	An exception is an object that is thrown from the site of an error and can be caught by an appropriate exception handler.
	Separating the handler from error detection makes the code easier to read and write. finally clause helps cleanup.
	User-defined exceptions can be created or thrown. They are normally not caught in the same block, but passed up to a calling block. For e.g.,
	throw new NullPointerException();
	The try region is a guarded region from which errors can be caught by exceptions. Code that good generate an exception is enclosed in a try region. Method is exited if exceptions are thrown from outside try regions. Thus, there is more reliable error recovery without simply exiting.
	It is also possible to rethrow exceptions.

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RuntimeExceptions

	Automatically thrown (no need to explicitly throw them).
	No need to specify explicitly that a method might throw one of these exceptions.
	No need to catch them, dealt with automatically.
	It is possible to explicitly throw a runtime exception.

Javadoc

	In C++ specifications are put in .h files and implementations in .cpp files. In Java, only interfaces are put in separate files.
	Appropriate documentation is added to the implementation, and then we run javadoc program to automatically generate a set of HTML files as documentation for the code.
	Javadoc comments start are delimited by /** and */. Other useful comments are prefaced by @param, @author, @return, @throws.

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Algorithm Running Times

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