Figure Ref-1. A semantic schema for a university application.
Figure Ref-2. A relational schema for the university
application.
The recent development of the new generation of data models - the semantic models - offers a simple, natural, implementation- independent, flexible, and nonredundant specification of information and its semantic aspects. Since the original idea of [Abrial-74], many semantic data models have been studied in the computer science literature. Many semantic models have been surveyed in [Hull&King-87] and [Peckham&Maryanski-88]. Although somewhat differing in their terminology and their selection of tools used to describe the semantics of the real world, the various semantic models are roughly equivalent and have several common principles:
This book is based on the Semantic Binary Model (SBM) ([Rishe-87-RM],
[Rishe-89-SD], [Rishe-90-SB]), a descendant of the model of [Abrial-
74]. Models similar to SBM have been studied in: [Bracchi&al.-76],
[Nijssen-77], [Nijssen-81], [Breutman&al.-79], [Senko-78], [Mark-83],
[Mark-87], [Mark-89], [Meersman&Assche-83], [Vermeir-83], and others.
SBM does not have as rich an arsenal of tools for semantic description
as can be found in some other semantic models, such as the IFO model
[Abiteboul&Hull-84], SDM [Hammer&McLeod-81], the Functional Model
([Kerschberg&Pacheco-76], [Shipman-81], [Chan&al.-82]), SEMBASE
[King-84], NIAM ([Nijssen-81], [Verheijen&VanBekkum-82],
[Leung&Nijssen-87]), Taxis [Nixon&al.-87], SIM [Jagannathan&al.-88],
SAM [Su&Lo-80], OSAM* [Su-88-OS], GEM [Tsur&Zaniolo-84], GENESIS
[Batory&al.-88], ER [Chen-76]. Nevertheless, the SBM has a small set
of sufficient simple tools by which all of the semantic descriptors of
the other models can be constructed. This makes SBM easier to use for
the novice, easier to implement, and usable for delineation and study
of the common properties of the semantic models.
Typically, semantic data models have been experimentally implemented
as interfaces to database management systems in other data models,
(e.g., the relational or the network model). (Although, there are less
typical, direct implementations, e.g., [Lien&al.-81], [Chan&al.-82],
[Benneworth&al.-81].) The efficiency of an interface implementation
is limited to that of the conventional DBMS and is normally much worse
due to the interface overhead. The direct implementations were
previously believed to be less efficient than the conventional
systems. However, the semantic models have potential for much more
efficient implementation than the conventional data models, as was
shown in [Lin&al.-89], [Rishe-89-EO], and [Rishe-91-FS].
The use of semantic models for the design of relational schemas has
been studied in [Brodie&al.-84-CM], [Chen-76], [King&McLeod-85],
[Teorey&al.-86], [Leung&Nijssen-87], [Shoval/Even-Chaime-87],
[Verheijen&VanBekkum-82], [DeTroyer&Meersman-86], [Shoval-85], and
other works. A graphical interactive system for the design of semantic
databases is discussed in [Shoval&al.-88],
Nonprocedural languages for semantic databases have been studied in
[Meersman-81], [Shipman-81], [Senko-78], [Rishe-86-PS], [Rishe-91-PC],
and others. Extended Pascal for semantic databases is defined in
[Rishe-88-TM]. Data definition languages integrated with data
manipulation languages for semantic databases have been studied in
[Roussopoulos&Mark-85].
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Figure Ref-2. A relational schema for the university
application.